Notes
Nationalism united some peoples and divided others. Leaders used it to build support (Napoleon III). It fueled independence movements in the Ottoman and Austrian empires and anti-Semitism (the Dreyfus Affair, Zionism).
Practice
The Dreyfus Affair in France revealed:
Jewish army officer falsely convicted.
Zionism, led by Theodor Herzl, sought:
Response to anti-Semitism.
Nationalism threatened multinational empires like:
Many ethnic groups.
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