AP Human Geography Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes | Notes and practice

Notes

About half of humanity lives in East Asia, South Asia and Europe. People cluster in fertile river valleys, coasts and mild climates.
Arithmetic density: people per land area. Physiological density: people per arable land (shows pressure on farmland; Egypt's is very high). Agricultural density: farmers per arable land (high in less developed countries).

Crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) per 1,000 people. Rate of natural increase (RNI) $\displaystyle = \frac{\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}}{10}$ (as a percent). Doubling time ≈ $\displaystyle \frac{70}{\text{RNI}}$.
Total fertility rate (TFR): average children per woman; replacement level is about 2.1. Infant mortality rate and life expectancy reflect health care.
Population pyramids: a wide base means rapid growth; a narrow base means aging or decline (Japan, Italy).
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): Stage 1 (high CBR and CDR), Stage 2 (CDR falls, rapid growth), Stage 3 (CBR falls), Stage 4 (both low), and a possible Stage 5 (CBR below CDR, decline).
Epidemiologic transition: causes of death shift from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
Malthus predicted population would outgrow food; Neo-Malthusians share the concern; critics point to technology like the Green Revolution.
Policies: antinatalist (China's one-child policy) and pronatalist (France's family benefits). Educating and empowering women lowers TFR.

The Demographic Transition Model.

Push factors (war, poverty, persecution) and pull factors (jobs, safety, family). Factors can be economic, social, political or environmental.
Ravenstein's laws: most migrants move short distances, and every flow creates a counterflow.
Forced migration (refugees, the Atlantic slave trade) vs voluntary migration. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) flee but stay in their country. Asylum seekers request protection.
Types: chain migration (following family), step migration (in stages), transnational and internal migration (rural to urban), guest workers.
Intervening obstacles and intervening opportunities affect where migrants end up. Remittances sent home support economies.

Physiological density measures:

A country has a CBR of 30 and a CDR of 10. What is its RNI?

In Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model:

A population pyramid with a narrow base and wide top suggests:

China's one-child policy is an example of:

Someone who flees conflict but remains within their own country is:

Migrants following relatives who already moved to a new country is:

Money that migrants send back to their home countries is called:

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Free-response question

A country's population pyramid has a very wide base that narrows quickly with age.

(a) Identify the likely stage of the Demographic Transition Model.

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Stage 2 (or early Stage 3): high birth rates with falling death rates.

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(b) Explain ONE challenge this population structure creates for the government.

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A large young population needs schools, health care and, soon, many jobs; if there aren't enough, unemployment and emigration may rise.

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(c) Explain ONE policy that could lower the country's total fertility rate.

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Expanding education and job opportunities for women, which tends to delay marriage and childbearing and lower fertility.

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