Notes
Claims and evidence
- A strong claim is debatable, specific and defensible, and often previews reasons.
- Evidence types: statistics, expert testimony, examples, anecdotes and research findings. Anecdotes are weak alone.
- Every piece of evidence needs commentary that ties it to the claim.
Reasoning
- Toulmin model: claim, grounds, warrant (the linking assumption), backing, qualifier, rebuttal.
- An argument fails if the audience rejects its warrant.
Counterclaims and structure
- Present a fair counterclaim, concede valid points, then rebut.
- Structure: introduction with hook and thesis, body paragraphs with topic sentences, counterclaim paragraph, conclusion with significance or a call to action.
- Use a formal, precise tone; avoid unsupported absolutes, fallacies and loaded language.
Topics in this unit
Each topic has its own short notes and practice.
Practice
It takes a clear, arguable position that can be supported.
The warrant explains why the evidence supports building the park.
"Although critics argue" admits the opposing point before rebutting.
A single anecdote cannot show a statewide pattern.
Topic sentences focus each paragraph.
It limits the claim to make it more accurate and defensible.
Free response
Write your answer first, then open the scoring guide.
Free-response question
Your school is considering replacing printed textbooks with tablets for all students. Write parts of an argument on this issue.
(a) Write a debatable, specific claim that previews at least two reasons.
Show the answer and scoring guide
The school should replace printed textbooks with tablets because tablets cost less over time and give students access to updated, interactive materials. (An opposing claim is equally acceptable if specific and supported, such as: The school should keep printed textbooks because they reduce screen time and do not depend on charging or internet access.)
Check off the points you earned:
(b) Write a short body paragraph with a topic sentence, one piece of evidence and commentary.
Show the answer and scoring guide
Tablets can lower costs over time. For example, a single tablet loaded with digital books can replace a stack of printed texts that must be bought again each time a new edition is released. Because digital books can be updated instantly, the school would avoid repeated printing costs and could spend the savings on teachers and programs.
Check off the points you earned:
(c) Write a counterclaim and a rebuttal.
Show the answer and scoring guide
Counterclaim: Some parents worry that tablets will distract students with games and social media. Rebuttal: However, schools can install filters and lock devices to educational apps during class, so the distraction risk can be managed while keeping the benefits.
Check off the points you earned: